December 21, 2008
Vysoce kvalitn¨ª laserov¨¦ stroje
Necht¨§l vinyl fr¨¦za jsem dodat dovol¨¢v¨¢n¨ª se na inauguraci Barack Obama jako prezident Spojenych st¨¢t?? No, j¨¢ nebyl po?¨¢d¨¢n, ale mohu si ?ezac¨ª plotr p?edstavit, ?e by grav¨ªrov¨¢n¨ª laserov¨¦ stroje bylo obt¨ª?n¨¦ se k t¨¦to vyzv¨§. Po v?em, zahajovac¨ª ceremoni¨¢l je n¨¢rodn¨ª ud¨¢lost, nikoliv slavnostn¨§ osobn¨ª. P?esto v kone?n¨¦m d?sledku znamenalo, ?e v r¨¢mci t¨¦to slavnostn¨ª ob?ad by nedovol¨ª mi to akceptovat. President-elect Obama se zav¨¢zal k podpisu pr¨¢vn¨ªch p?edpis?, v?etn¨§ svobodn¨¦ volby z¨¢kona, kter¨¦ by laser rytec mohly ovlivnit pro-potratu revoluce v tomto n¨¢rodu. M¨¢ tak¨¦ zav¨¢zali, ?e podepsal vykonn¨¦ p?¨ªkazy v hodin¨¢ch n¨¢stupu do funkce, kter¨¦ povedou p?¨ªmo na obrovsk¨¦ zvy?en¨ª zni?en¨ª lidsk¨¦ho ?ivota. Zejm¨¦na mu sl¨ªbil, ?e ke zvratu v politice Bushovy administrativy omezen¨ª feder¨¢ln¨ª financov¨¢n¨ª-lidskych embryon¨¢ln¨ªch kmenovych bun¨§k. Zdroje uvnit? p?echodu ¨²?ad doporu?ily aktivist? o?ek¨¢vat p?¨ªval vykonnych p?¨ªkaz? v nov¨¦m pod¨¢n¨ª prvn¨ª hodiny a dny.
Tento p?ehled nem??e byt snadno zam¨ªtnout. Specifi?nost laserov¨¦ ryt¨ª stroje odpov¨§d¨ª a kvality vyzkumu vzorku ukazuj¨ª, ?e ?el¨ªme v¨¢?n¨¦ pokles d?v¨§ry v Evangeliu. A? 34% b¨ªlych evangelicals odm¨ªtaj¨ª pravdu, ?e Je?¨ª? je jediny Spasitel, jeho? jsme dnes sv¨§dky virtu¨¢ln¨ª kolaps evangelickych theology.There je tak¨¦ dal?¨ª d?vod k obav¨¢m. Stejn¨§ jako Cathy Lynn Grossman zpr¨¢vy, "Pew nov¨¦ Pr?zkum tak¨¦ zjistil, ?e mnoz¨ª k?es?an¨¦ (29%) ?¨ªkaj¨ª, ?e jsou ulo?eny v jejich dobr¨¦ akce, 30% ?¨ªci, spasen¨ª skrze v¨ªru v Je?¨ª?e, Boha nebo vy??¨ª moc¨ª, kter¨¢ je z¨¢kladem vyuky z vinyl fr¨¦za evangelickych protestantismus, a 10% ?¨ªci, sp¨¢sa je nal¨¦zt pomoc¨ª kombinace chov¨¢n¨ª a p?esv¨§d?en¨ª, za ¨²?elem bl¨ª?e ke katolick¨¦ nauky. "
Jsem p?esv¨§d?en, ?e velk¨¢ ?¨¢st t¨¦to z¨¢m¨§ny lze vysledovat na plytkost, ?e ochrann¨¦ zn¨¢mky p?¨ªli? mnoho evangelickych pulpits. Zmizen¨ª doktrin¨¢ln¨ª pochopen¨ª a evangelicky demonstraci lze vysledovat p?¨ªmo k poklesu vykladovy k¨¢z¨¢n¨ª a doktrin¨¢ln¨ª vyuka. Ztr¨¢ta evangeliza?n¨ª ?ezac¨ª plotr a misijn¨ª z¨¢vazek lze o?ek¨¢vat v pln¨¦m rozsahu jako p?¨ªmy d?sledek t¨¦to z¨¢m¨§ny nebo vypov¨§zen¨ª t¨¦to Gospel.This nov¨¦ho pr?zkumu by m¨§lo byt p?ij¨ªm¨¢no s velkym znepokojen¨ªm. Bude to budit dne?n¨ª generace evangelicals na katastrofu ?emesla fr¨¦za p?¨ªmo p?ed na?ima o?ima?
Posted by code100 at 8:30 PM | Comments (0)
Vysoce kvalitn¨ª laserov¨¦ stroje
Necht¨§l vinyl fr¨¦za jsem dodat dovol¨¢v¨¢n¨ª se na inauguraci Barack Obama jako prezident Spojenych st¨¢t?? No, j¨¢ nebyl po?¨¢d¨¢n, ale mohu si ?ezac¨ª plotr p?edstavit, ?e by grav¨ªrov¨¢n¨ª laserov¨¦ stroje bylo obt¨ª?n¨¦ se k t¨¦to vyzv¨§. Po v?em, zahajovac¨ª ceremoni¨¢l je n¨¢rodn¨ª ud¨¢lost, nikoliv slavnostn¨§ osobn¨ª. P?esto v kone?n¨¦m d?sledku znamenalo, ?e v r¨¢mci t¨¦to slavnostn¨ª ob?ad by nedovol¨ª mi to akceptovat. President-elect Obama se zav¨¢zal k podpisu pr¨¢vn¨ªch p?edpis?, v?etn¨§ svobodn¨¦ volby z¨¢kona, kter¨¦ by laser rytec mohly ovlivnit pro-potratu revoluce v tomto n¨¢rodu. M¨¢ tak¨¦ zav¨¢zali, ?e podepsal vykonn¨¦ p?¨ªkazy v hodin¨¢ch n¨¢stupu do funkce, kter¨¦ povedou p?¨ªmo na obrovsk¨¦ zvy?en¨ª zni?en¨ª lidsk¨¦ho ?ivota. Zejm¨¦na mu sl¨ªbil, ?e ke zvratu v politice Bushovy administrativy omezen¨ª feder¨¢ln¨ª financov¨¢n¨ª-lidskych embryon¨¢ln¨ªch kmenovych bun¨§k. Zdroje uvnit? p?echodu ¨²?ad doporu?ily aktivist? o?ek¨¢vat p?¨ªval vykonnych p?¨ªkaz? v nov¨¦m pod¨¢n¨ª prvn¨ª hodiny a dny.
Tento p?ehled nem??e byt snadno zam¨ªtnout. Specifi?nost laserov¨¦ ryt¨ª stroje odpov¨§d¨ª a kvality vyzkumu vzorku ukazuj¨ª, ?e ?el¨ªme v¨¢?n¨¦ pokles d?v¨§ry v Evangeliu. A? 34% b¨ªlych evangelicals odm¨ªtaj¨ª pravdu, ?e Je?¨ª? je jediny Spasitel, jeho? jsme dnes sv¨§dky virtu¨¢ln¨ª kolaps evangelickych theology.There je tak¨¦ dal?¨ª d?vod k obav¨¢m. Stejn¨§ jako Cathy Lynn Grossman zpr¨¢vy, "Pew nov¨¦ Pr?zkum tak¨¦ zjistil, ?e mnoz¨ª k?es?an¨¦ (29%) ?¨ªkaj¨ª, ?e jsou ulo?eny v jejich dobr¨¦ akce, 30% ?¨ªci, spasen¨ª skrze v¨ªru v Je?¨ª?e, Boha nebo vy??¨ª moc¨ª, kter¨¢ je z¨¢kladem vyuky z vinyl fr¨¦za evangelickych protestantismus, a 10% ?¨ªci, sp¨¢sa je nal¨¦zt pomoc¨ª kombinace chov¨¢n¨ª a p?esv¨§d?en¨ª, za ¨²?elem bl¨ª?e ke katolick¨¦ nauky. "
Jsem p?esv¨§d?en, ?e velk¨¢ ?¨¢st t¨¦to z¨¢m¨§ny lze vysledovat na plytkost, ?e ochrann¨¦ zn¨¢mky p?¨ªli? mnoho evangelickych pulpits. Zmizen¨ª doktrin¨¢ln¨ª pochopen¨ª a evangelicky demonstraci lze vysledovat p?¨ªmo k poklesu vykladovy k¨¢z¨¢n¨ª a doktrin¨¢ln¨ª vyuka. Ztr¨¢ta evangeliza?n¨ª ?ezac¨ª plotr a misijn¨ª z¨¢vazek lze o?ek¨¢vat v pln¨¦m rozsahu jako p?¨ªmy d?sledek t¨¦to z¨¢m¨§ny nebo vypov¨§zen¨ª t¨¦to Gospel.This nov¨¦ho pr?zkumu by m¨§lo byt p?ij¨ªm¨¢no s velkym znepokojen¨ªm. Bude to budit dne?n¨ª generace evangelicals na katastrofu ?emesla fr¨¦za p?¨ªmo p?ed na?ima o?ima?
Posted by code100 at 8:30 PM | Comments (0)
December 4, 2008
AVR via PIC? with one is better?
Which is better.. PIC or AVR ?
Whenever this subject comes up on discussion groups, there is invariably a heated debate. This sort of quasi-religious debate has always gone on, I'm old enough to remember people arguing about whether the 6502 was better than the Z80, and I'm sure it went on long before that.
What many people fail to realise, however that in almost all fields of enginering, there is simply no such thing as "Best". The correct phrase is "Most appropriate for your application". Similarly there is no such thing as "good practice" or "bad practice". It all depends on the requirements of a particular product, manufacturing process, development method etc.. Something that would be appropriate to do on a $1000 instrument would often be completely the wrong thing in a $5 mass-market toy.
Here are a few comparisons based on actual issues I've dealt with on real projects. These are mostly based on using assembler on the AT90S and current ATTiny and ATMega parts, and PIC12/PIC16 parts. Hopefully this info will help you decide what may be best for you.
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Posted by code100 at 10:45 PM | Comments (0)
AVRs are better than PICs.
Ways in which AVRs are better than PICs.
Instruction set/architecture
AVR good : Add with carry, and compare with carry simplify multiple precision arithmetic. Good range of conditional branches.
PIC bad : Unconventional mnemonic names.. Only one pointer for indirection. Inefficient lookup tables. No add/subtract with carry, small stack. Paged architecture becomes a real pain on larger projetcs, although the PIC18 architecture addresses (pun intended!) many of the issues.
Clocks etc. Wider range of RC oscillator speeds. PLL high-frequency IO clock on some parts for high-speed captre etc.
More instructions per oscillator clock, but as most instructions take 2 cycles, and more instructions are often necessary for IO intensive tasks, this advantage is 2:1 at best. Most embedded apps are not especially throughput-dependent. Also, crystals and resonators get bigger and harder to get much below about 3MHz, so the speed advantage over a 4MHz PIC can often not be a major issue.
Watchdog can be turned off by software.
Power consumptionBrownout detector on recent parts has much lower consumption than the PIC one, which is often useless for battery-powered apps.
UARTTX and RX can be enabled seperately - useful for multi-processor comms on a common bus. High baudrates are possible from low clock frequencies.
Interrupts Vectored interrupts are more efficient where there are multiple interrupt sources, and registers can be reserved for interrupt-only use to speed up context save for low latency,
ADCSome parts have differential inputs and a x20 gain amp, although the latter is so noisy (on the tiny26 at least) it reduces effective number of bits to 8.Internal voltage reference - accuracy not great but often useful, even if only for measuring battery voltage.
I/OSeperate PORT and PIN registers avoid read-modify-write issues with capacitively loaded pins. (Although has any AVR user never spent time wondering why their input port isn't working because they used PORTx instead of PINx...? ).
Devtools, programming, production etc.JTAG-ICE Mk.II is really fast and very like a real ICE! Debugwire looks very interesting, using the reset pin only. PIC in-circuit debugger uses 2 pins, (however the large variety of PICs available means there is usually another part you can use for debugging).
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Posted by code100 at 10:45 PM | Comments (0)
Ways in which PICs are better than AVRs
Instruction set/architecture (for Assembler users)PIC good : Small instruction set means you can literally learn it in a day. Skip instructions can often simplify flow-control.
AVR bad : highly nonorthogonal instruction set - many operations can only be done on certain registers. Relative branch range can force code to be arranged in a non-logical order. No immediate XOR instruction. Illogical mixture of skip and branch flow-control instructions (Now if only they'd made STATUS one of the registers you could do skips on....!).
Clocks etc.
Recent Pics (12Fxxx etc.) have more accurate calibrated RC oscillators.
Watchdog wakeup from sleep continues after SLEEP instruction - on AVR it causes a reset, which can complicate things.
Power consumptionPICs have much lower power consumption at 5V
Interrupts
Interrupt latency is constant - if you set up a regular timer interrupt on a PIC, it will occur at exactly the same interval every time. On the AVR you will get at least one cycle jitter.
ADCMuch faster conversion speed than AVR
I/O and bit-twiddly thingsI/Os are the same as other file registers, so operations other than bit set/clear operations take less work - bits can be toggled using XORWF, multiple bits can be set or cleared simultaneously using ANDWF or IORWF, and you can do neat tricks like using an output port as a shift-register for really fast pattern generation. The latter is not often useful, but does allow neat stuff like video generation.
I/O ports have much better drive capability - the output high level is easily capable of providing a few milliamps without significant voltage drop - useful for directly powering up peripheral devices (e.g. opamps) on demand for power-saving.
PIC can wake up from sleep on short pulses and edges. Counters are asynchronous and can count while part is in sleep, and count faster than the CPU clock. AVR cannot wake on edges (Except the few parts that have wake on pin-change), and level-triggered interrupts must be asserted until the chip wakes up and the clock starts otherwise the part will go back to sleep.
Configuring AVR reset pin as I/O disables in-circuit programming. On PICs the reset pin can be configured as an input without disabling serial programming, provided whatever is connected to it allows for the 12.5v programming voltage.
AvailabilityMicrochip have always had a policy of short leadtimes, and there have never been significant shortages of released parts. Atmel have had some very bad times in the past - their wide product range means that AVRs are a small part of their overall business, so other markets can take priority over AVRs for production capacity. Microchip now has a fast-turnaround test cell to produce devices at short notice (with a price premium).Microchip parts tend to be more easily available, especially in small quantities.
Microchip keep old parts available for long after they have been superceded. You can still buy PIC16C54XT's, despite now being on their fourth revision. Atmel have far fewer parts, yet have obsoleted more of them - e.g. the 90S4414 has been obsoleted twice (90S8515, now ATMega8515).
Devtools, programming, production etc.PIC good : One full-ICE platform (ICE2000) for all parts - Several variants of AVR ICEs for different parts, despite much fewer parts..!All device configuration including internal eeprom initialisation is contained in one hex file.
AVR bad : Device configuration etc. is a complete mess - there is no standard file formet to contain flash, eeprom and the many device config fuses, which can be a nightmare when transferring designs to production. There are 3rd party programmers that do this but this is something that should be defined by the manufacturer. Calibration of internal RC osc on many parts (e.g. tiny26, mega16) is unnecessarily complex - for other than the default 1MHz rate, cal data has to be read from a special area by the programmer, then programmed into flash or eeprom so the application code can get at it to write to the osc cal register. This means that the application code and programming process need to have knowledge of each other, which can be a problem when a design goes to production.
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Posted by code100 at 10:45 PM | Comments (0)
